The determination of maritime boundaries is a complex issue governed by international law, primarily the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). A key concept is the territorial sea, which extends up to 12 nautical miles from the baseline, usually the low-water line along the coast. Beyond this limit lies the exclusive economic zone (EEZ), extending up to 200 nautical miles. Areas beyond the EEZ are generally considered the high seas, often referred to as international waters.
Defining these boundaries is crucial for a number of reasons. It dictates which nations have jurisdiction over resources, fishing rights, and environmental protection. Historically, disputes over access to fishing grounds and mineral deposits have led to conflicts. Clear maritime boundaries promote stability, encourage international cooperation, and facilitate responsible resource management. The establishment of these zones has evolved significantly over time through treaties and customary international law, seeking to balance the interests of coastal states with the principle of freedom of the seas.
